Ruins of the McMillan Sand Filtration Site at Reservoir Park

Typhoid epidemics regularly swept across Washington at the turn of the century as the population increased and industrial pollution worsened. A chief culprit was the city water supply. The unfiltered Washington Aqueduct carried a stream laced with bacteria and a notorious amount of Potomac mud, described by a Washington Post reporter as a “Seal-brown mixture of water and real estate.”

Shortly after the new city reservoir was completed at Howard University, Congress authorized funds for an adjacent filtration site to address the public health situation. The facility relied entirely on sand to clean the water; at the time, this method scaled better and was more cost-effective than chemicals.

"Raw water" came in from the reservoir next door and slowly percolated through the sand in 25 vaulted underground cells before making its way out into District taps. The 4-foot lining of sand actually did a remarkable job at removing bacteria and sediment from the water.

According to a historic preservation report, the sand was brought in from Laurel, Maryland on the B&O Railroad and "went through an extensive preparation process to meet specifications for cleanliness, removing all traces of clay and other undesirable particles."

Enormous quantities of fresh sand were stored aboveground in parallel rows of stubby concrete silos. Engineers could shovel it out when necessary and drop it down into the cells through 2,100 manholes that are visible in satellite imagery.

Improvements like the Washington Aqueduct and the McMillan Sand Filtration Site came to D.C. as part of the City Beautiful movement funded in large part by the Federal Government.  The site is named after Senator James McMillan and propelled by support from President William Howard Taft, Congress, and the government set out to ensure the city and officials themselves had clean water to drink.

At the time there was a different, more positive image of Washington’s water supply as a Public Work, and not merely a piece of infrastructure. As such, the nation’s foremost landscape architect was called in to devise a plan to pretty up the filtration site.

Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. designed a public park at the adjacent reservoir on the west side of First Street NW that became an important community gathering place for District residents. For a time, it was a popular destination for picnics, outdoor activities, or a quiet stroll away from the bustle of city life. Unfortunately, the park was fenced off for security reasons during World War II. It was promised to be reopened, but after African American soldiers came home and began to move into the area, Congress at that time chose not to reopen it.

This park extended as open green space across several parcels including above the sand filtration site. Despite believing "perhaps inexpedient to admit the public to use the plain even upon a fenced path," Olmsted created a pathway that surrounded and overlooked the sand filtration site. Despite the temptations to use the open plains most people chose not to venture out among the 2,100 manholes across the 20 acres with open vistas in all directions although there are images showing defacto use as baseball fields and like-recreational activities (Records indicate that between three and four acres of manholes would be open at any given time to provide light and air to workers that were cleaning the sand in the filter beds below.)

Olmsted’s plantings and perimeter pathway around the sand filtration site were designed to complement the "interesting and remarkable" appearance of the sand storage towers, the walls of which he covered in ivy. 

D.C. city government purchased the McMillan Sand Filtration Site after it closed in 1986, but the site was sadly neglected by city officials despite historic protection requirements. It is a fantastic opportunity for preservation and a redevelopment project similar to New York’s High Line. 

After 37 years, on June 15, 2024, Reservoir Park Recreation Center at the McMillan sand filtration site was opened to the public. The sand silos and some of the underground catacombs were preserved and made accessible to the public.  

Updated December 2024. The park is open and accessible to the public.